Perfect tense

Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred. Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished  till  certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened

Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:

I have arrived.

A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:

I have not arrived.

Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:

 Has she arrived?

The pattern :

 (+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement

 (-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement

 (?) Had + subject +verb III+complement

Greetings

To comprehend and express the meanings within the transactional and interpersonal conversations about greetings in the context of daily life

How do you greet other people?

Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening

Hello, Ewo

Hello, Agnes

How are you?

How’s everything with you?

How’s life ?

How are you getting along ?

How are you doing ?

Fine, thanks

Pretty good, thanks

I’m well, thanks

Not bad, thanks. And you?

How do you  introduce yourself?

Let me introduce my self, my name is Oghy

Hello, I’m Golda

Hi, I’m Adi Pramono. You can call me Mono.

Hello, my name is Yeni Pratiwi

Present tense

 present tense

to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth).

to give instructions or directions:
You walk  for two hundred meters, then you turn left and to express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00

Adverb of Time

Always,Never ,Every,Often,Seldom,Usually,Sometimes

Past Tense

Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store? . Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.

Simple Past Tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in  the past

Procedure Text

Procedure text  is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

Narrative text

To understand meaning nuance within transactional text that contains narrative text

Ø  Identifying the definition of narrative text

Ø  identifying the generic structures of narrative text

Ø  Using past tense

Recount Text

Recount text  is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are  :

Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

Re-orientation  (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident

The significant Lexicogrammatical features :

◦       Use of simple past tense

◦       Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

◦       Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement, keep the following points

the title/type of event,

Date/time, place and

contact person

The example of an announcement :

COMMITTEE

SCHOOL TRIP TO GOLDEN SANDS BEACH 

 

On 28th of August, the school will hold a school trip to Golden Sands Beach. Departure time :               07:30 a.m. Programs            :               Morning swimming, games, volley ball; lunch in the sea view restaurant. Afternoon walk along the beach to the lagoon; watch the boat festival. Fee         :               Rp50,000.00 Contact person :               Oghy, Nurul, Diesta                                                                                                       Chair person                                                                                                               joko

Giving Instruction

- Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The example expressions of giving instruction :

Open your book!           

Close the door, please!

Be quiet, please! 

Move the chair!

Open the window!

Pass me the sugar, please!

Stand up, please!

Sympathy Expressions

To comprehend and express the meaning nuance within the transactional and interpersonal conversations which are related to the expressions of sympathy in the context of daily life. Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Gaining Attention

To comprehend and express the meaning within the transactional and interpersonal conversations about gaining attention in the context of daily life. Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention  to what we want to.

The example expressions of gaining attention :

Attention, please

May I have your attention, please?

Excuse me, look here!

Listening to me, please

Waiter?

I’m sorry, but…

Wow really?